Lack of a universally validated antibody or assay for PD-1 and PD-L1 remains a hindrance in determining if tumor and/or accessory cell expression of PD-L1 or infiltrating PD-1-expressing lymphocytes may be used as a predictive biomarker for anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 agents. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.