However, a previous study demonstrated that the genotype frequencies of ADRA1D and ADRAβ2 SNP were associated with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC), a chronic visceral pain disorder which often coexists with IBS[9] and which shows similar brain changes as IBS (unpublished observations). The gene discussed is ADRA1D; the disease is Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1.