PTGS2 and medical procedure: In a capsaicin-induced prostatitis rat model, BoNT inhibited both cyclooxygenase-2 expression [55] and G protein family expression, including Rho guanosine triphosphatase, which activates interleukin-1, a pro-inflammatory cytokine [56]; in this manner, the BoNT injection suppressed capsaicin-induced prostatitis.