BDNF and Alzheimer disease: We found that 5XFAD AD-Tg mice treated with weekly GA showed reduced neuroinflammation (Supplementary Fig. 2b,c), enhanced hippocampal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (igf1) (Supplementary Fig. 2d) and improved cognitive performance (Supplementary Fig. 2e–g), which lasted up to 2 months after the treatment (Supplementary Fig. 2h,i).