NRAS and melanoma: Multiple RAFi and MEKi (e.g., PD-0325901, Trametinib) resistance mechanisms, which may involve alterations in NRAS/ERK pathway (e.g., NRAS mutations, switching between RAF isoforms) or parallel pathways (e.g., PTEN loss), have been discovered in melanoma (Johannessen et al., 2010; Nazarian et al., 2010; Poulikakos et al., 2010; Xing et al., 2012).