As shown in Fig 3, the percentages of CD27+CD19+CD3-CD4- memory B cells [23–25], CD86+CD19+CD3-CD4- activated B cells [26–28], and CD38++CD19+CD3-CD4- plasma cells [29–31] in schistosomiasis patients were significantly greater than those in the HCs, although the percentage of total B cells was slightly decreased in patients with schistosomiasis. Here, CD38 is linked to schistosomiasis.