CRH and Anxiety: CRF antagonists attenuate behavioral responses to stress (e.g., Aloisi et al., 1999; Basso et al., 1999; Deak et al., 1999) whereas intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of CRF can produce many of the signs associated with anxiety in humans, including increased wakefulness (Ehlers et al., 1986; Marrosu et al., 1990; Chang and Opp, 1998), increased activity, and an exaggerated startle response (Swerdlow et al., 1986; Heilig et al., 1994).