IFNG and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: In that disease, signaling of transforming growth factor β, a Th1-associated anti-inflammatory cytokine, is disrupted due to transcriptional dysregulation of its receptor, which is associated with polyglutamine-induced motor neuron damage.36 However, cytokines relevant to transforming growth factor β, such as IL-12 or IFN-γ, did not show abnormal levels in patients with PMA and ALS in the present study.