Gaudreau et al., demonstrated that numerous high doses of intraperitoneal GM-CSF treatments (100 ng/mouse, 3 times/week until 6-week old, 2 times/week thereafter until 52-week old), started at the young age of 3-week old could protect NOD mice from diabetes, with signs of tolerogenic dendritic cells and regulatory T cells inductions81. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and diabetes mellitus.