In 2001, a National Institute of Health consensus panel in the US concluded: “Because adjuvant polychemotherapy improves survival, it should be recommended to the majority of women with localized breast cancer regardless of lymph node, menopausal, or hormone receptor status.” [27] Although the widespread adoption of more effective systemic therapies contributed to declining breast cancer mortality rates in the US and globally [1, 28], it also resulted in many patients being unintentionally “overtreated” with chemotherapy who might otherwise may been cured without it. This evidence concerns the gene NR4A1 and breast carcinoma.