HMGB1 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: Although stearoyl LPC significantly attenuates circulating high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels in endotoxemia and sepsis by suppressing the release of endotoxin-induced HMGB1 from macrophages/monocytes [29], there has been no report of the antioxidative activity of LPC.