TLR8 and infection: One promising approach to enhance the immunity of newborns and infants is the use of TLRAs as either stand-alone immunomodulators to enhance innate immune defense against infection and/or as vaccine adjuvants [13–15] TLRAs, including single stranded ribonucleic acid (ssRNA: a TLR8 agonist), are present in live attenuated vaccines such as the Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine and Yellow Fever Vaccine 17D (YF-17D) that activate multiple dendritic cell (DC) subsets via TLR2, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 [16,17].