GSK3A and carcinoma: We found that the IHC staining intensities of FAK, PYK2, GSK3β, p-GSK3α/βY279/Y216 and β-catenin were increased during the course of the normal-adenoma–carcinoma progression (Figure 6A), demonstrating that induction of FAK/PYK2 expression, GSK3α/βY279/Y216 phosphorylation and β-catenin accumulation did occur at the early stage (the adenoma stage) of colon cancer development.