TNF and malaria: It was observed that P. vivax parasitaemia displayed positive significant interactions with IL-6, CCL4 and IL-10 in the group of patients co-infected with malaria and dengue, while this parameter exhibited several positive correlations with many immune markers (GCSF, CCL2, CCL4, TNF, IL-12p70, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-4) in the group of malaria mono-infected subjects, suggesting a major role for parasitaemia in the immune profile in this clinical condition (Fig. 3b).