On the other hand, the median serum hepcidin concentration was significantly lower in PBC/PSC [8 (14) ng/ml] and AIH patients [9 (6) ng/ml] compared to HCV [56 (101) ng/ml], HBV [109 (165) ng/ml], and NAFLD patients [85 (116) ng/ml] (Table 1; Fig 1B) or healthy controls [61 (39) ng/ml; P<0.001 for both comparisons]. This evidence concerns the gene HAMP and primary biliary cholangitis.