Notably, mutations in functionally active genes were identified in every PDX, including ARID1A, ATM, CASP8, CDH1, KALRN, KMT2C, NCF2, MTOR, PIK3CA, TSC1, and TP53; 6–10 mutations in bladder cancer driver genes were found in 5 of 8 models (S4 Table). Here, CASP8 is linked to urinary bladder carcinoma.