Because the loss of NDRG2 expression was found in the majority of OSCC22, we examined the effects of NDRG2 on the stimuli-induced canonical and/or non-canonical NF-κB pathways in cancer cells by establishing stable NDRG2-expressing (NDRG2) or mock clone (Mock) oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines (SAS and HSC3) after transfecting with an NDRG2-expressing plasmid or a Mock vector, as a control (Fig. 1a and supplementary Fig. S1a). Here, NDRG2 is linked to cancer.