Defective autophagy and UPS result in accumulation of cancer-promoting factors including EGFR, COX2, MMP1/2, MT-MMP, c-Myc as well as Snail and Twist that play critical roles in regulation of tumour metabolism, proliferation, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and autophagy37, 38, 39, 40, 41. Here, TWIST1 is linked to neoplasm.