PTGS2 and nasal cavity polyp: Kalkman et al. [25] found that asp has an inhibiting effect on MMP-9 in nasal polyps and can reduce the expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2), TGF-β and other factors by directly inhibiting the TGF-β/Smads signaling system, thereby reducing inflammation and fibrosis, and delaying cardiac remodeling [26].