This may have implications in various diseases, particularly some grades of non-exudative age related macular degeneration that show little to no improvement to conventional forms of antioxidant supplementation (AREDS 1 and 2).[29, 30] In cell culture studies zeaxanthin and, in some cases, other carotenoids have been shown to reduce VEGF secretion and protect cells from oxidative stress.[31–33] If zeaxanthin could have a similar effect in vivo, then it may have implications for the treatment of exudative macular degeneration as well. Here, VEGFA is linked to age-related macular degeneration.