PTTG1 activates c-Myc and cyclin D3 (CCND3) to facilitate cell proliferation, increases basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) expression to induce angiogenesis, which play an important role in tumor development and cancer metastasis, and also induces interleukin-8 to function in metastasis [11, 20–22]. Here, MMP2 is linked to cancer.