In a study using AR42J stable rat pancreatic cancer cell line, it was found that treatment with nicotine induced proliferation through phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and induced its translocation into the nucleus; however, there was no effect seen on other MAPK target proteins including c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1⁄2, and p38 MAPK [55,56]. The gene discussed is MAPK3; the disease is familial pancreatic carcinoma.