Moreover, OPG was produced by cells of the cardiovascular system, including coronary artery smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, suggesting that alterations of plasma OPG levels may be associated with various atherosclerotic diseases, including endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, aortic atheroma, carotid intima media thickness, and coronary artery disease [15–18]. Here, TNFRSF11B is linked to endothelial dysfunction.