CSF2 and cervical cancer: Cervical cancer cells have also been shown to secrete the granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) [5, 6], an important hematopoietic cytokine that is known to contribute to the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of bone marrow hematopoietic cells and to function as a cofactor to influence differentiated cells of other lineages and hematopoietic multipotent precursor cells [7].