A study of transcriptional changes in PBMCs following vaccination with smallpox, vaccination with yellow fever or natural upper respiratory tract infection [39] reported up-regulation of many IFN-stimulated genes with a particular predominance of genes involved in proteolysis and antigen presentation such as CD74 and LAP3. Another study of transcriptome changes in PBMC in response to yellow fever vaccination confirmed upregulation of IFN-induced and anti-viral genes [4]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and viral infectious disease.