APP and toxicity: ELND006 was developed as an APP selective γ-secretase inhibitor for the treatment of AD, and studies have shown that ELND006, at therapeutic doses, has no toxic effects on wild-type mice and nonhuman primates (Basi et al., 2010, Brigham et al., 2010), but a clinical trial with ELND006 in elderly healthy volunteers was discontinued due to elevation of liver enzyme levels, a sign of liver toxicity (Hopkins, 2011).