PTP4A3 and cancer: For example, PIM3 is a proto-oncogene that enhances pancreatic cancer growth by modulating tumor vasculogenesis (Kuang et al, 2013; Liu et al, 2014); PTP4A3 can promote cancer metastasis particularly in colorectal cancers (Al-Aidaroos & Zeng, 2010; Cramer et al, 2014; Huang et al, 2014); and TOMM20 expression is associated with tumor size in gastric cancer (Zhao et al, 2014).