CXCL1 and infection: Surprisingly, however, these alterations seem not be associated with changes in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) as detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays 5 days post-infection, but rather to reduced peripheral parasitemia.