Based on the IPA analysis platform, five shared upstream regulators were predicted between the RA and the T2D groups: TGM2, NF-кB, p38 MAPK, TNF and CEBPA, all of which were predicted up-regulated in both the RA and the T2D groups, as shown in Fig 4 and Table 3. Here, CEBPA is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.