TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: As we know, regulators p38 MAPK, TNF and NF-кB play important roles in transducing inflammation, by which several transcription factors can be directly phosphorylated and activated to bring about pro-inflammatory factors in RA, T2D and other inflammatory or immune diseases, and some of them had already been used as drug targets curing RA or T2D, such as the TNF inhibitors [60–64].