IGF1 and breast cancer: Hernandez et al. (2015) examined the expression of proteins in the IGF axis and the association with breast cancer survival. In Native Hawaiian patients, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 expression were each independently associated with overall and breast cancer mortality. IGF-1R expression was also positively associated with overall mortality in Native Hawaiians (Hernandez et al., 2015).