AGER and diabetes mellitus: To our knowledge, limited attention has focused on the functional effect of RAGE activation in VSMC other than the work of Suga et al. [39] and Tanikawa et al. [40]; these findings indicate that RAGE activation in VSMC induces the expression of cell properties that could be assimilated to osteoblasts, which thereby establishes a link between RAGE activation and vascular calcification in diabetes.