We therefore add Rab35 to the list of QIR markers in vivo (LAMP1-positive, LC3-positive, ATG16L1-positive, and Cathepsin D-negative) and for the first time demonstrate that UCVs found during in vitro infection of 5637 cells carry similar vesicular markers, suggesting that intracellular infection of 5637 cells may be useful as a model for QIR development and therefore recurrent UTI. This evidence concerns the gene ATG16L1 and infection.