EGFR, HER2, KRAS, PTEN and PI3K were sequenced for cancer-associated mutations (Table 1a, Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Information); in addition, HER2 and EGFR copy numbers or EML4-ALK (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4–anaplastic lymphoma kinase) rearrangement were evaluated by FISH (Table 1b and Supplementary Information). Here, PTEN is linked to cancer.