Alzawawy et al. [24] (cross-sectional study, 30 SLE patients) and Kiani et al. [10] (longitudinal study, 87 SLE patients) reported that uMCP-1 levels and anti-dsDNA positivity were highly associated, whereas Watson et al. [25] (longitudinal study, 64 paediatric SLE patients) reported an association between uMCP-1 and serum C3. Here, C3 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.