PAWR and cancer: In cancer cells, PAR-4 activity can be inhibited by 1) preventing phosphorylation, which is necessary for its proapoptotic activity [4], 2) sequestration of PAR-4 in the cytoplasm by association with Akt1 or 3) reducing caspase-3 mediated PAR-4 cleavage and preventing apoptosis [7, 18].