The mRNA levels of genes such as PPAR-γ, SREBP-1c, ACC, FAS and LEP showed a 53 %, 35 %, 47 %, 48 % and 43 % decrease, respectively, in the high-dose group compared with those of the positive control group (NAFLD rats) (Fig. 3a). Here, FAS is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.