ACE and acute kidney injury: The VA Nephron-D Diabetes in Nephropathy Study (VA NEPHRON-D), a trial using a combination therapy (i.e. ACE inhibitor and ARB therapy versus ARB monotherapy) in patients with proteinuric diabetic nephropathy, was stopped because of the increased adverse events of hyperkalemia and acute kidney injury (AKI).80 The Aliskiren Trial in Type II Diabetes Using Cardiorenal Endpoints (ALTITUDE) randomly assigned 8,561 patients to aliskiren (300 mg daily) or a placebo as an adjunct to ACE/ARB monotherapy as an angiotensin receptor blocker.