Comparisons of these mutations with cancers where activating mutations of CTNNB1 are common such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or solid pseudopapillary tumours of the pancreas show very different patterns of mutations (cbioportal, Cerami et al, 2012; Gao et al, 2013), indicating these maybe passenger mutations (Appendix Fig S4D). This evidence concerns the gene CTNNB1 and cancer.