INS and diabetes mellitus: In terms of functional beta cell production, polyhormonal insulin-expressing cells have been derived from human embryonic stem cells and transplanted for some years now, though whether from insufficient cell volume transfer, or transfer of functionally immature beta cells, while helping fasted blood glucose states, they do not yet consistently ameliorate diabetes in non-fasted mice subjects, or tend to lose insulin-secretion capacity [39,40,41].