VEGFA and Nephropathy: Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been shown to be higher in patients with CKD [49,50], and in uncontrolled diabetic patients with associated microvascular complications, such as nephropathy and retinopathy [51,52], suggesting that VEGF related mechanisms might be more important in the pathogenesis of CNV-AMD than PCV.