ESR1 and prostate carcinoma: In this study the authors stated that the prostate cancer cell line (LTL163a) showed no expression of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha but had elevated levels of ER beta and reasoned that the effect of genistein is likely mediated by ER beta resulting in EGFR phosphorylation and increased proliferation.36 In addition, lower levels of estrogen could be causative for soy to act as a partial ER receptor agonist.