PICALM and Alzheimer disease: Importantly, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PICALM, located upstream of the gene coding region but not in the coding region, have been identified to influence AD risk (Harold et al., 2009; Lambert et al., 2009; Carrasquillo et al., 2010, 2015; Chen et al., 2012; Tanzi, 2012; Liu et al., 2013; Morgen et al., 2014).