SOD1 and Shock: In the present study, we detected increased activities of SOD and GPx in the AM treated Leydig cells, supporting the antioxidant role of AM. Previous studies linked the therapeutic effects of AM on myocardial ischemia [24], ischemic brain injury [25], hemorrhagic shock-reperfusion injury of intestinal mucosa [26] and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in diabetic kidney disease [21] to increased activities of antioxidant enzymes such as GPx and SOD.