Among them, GDF3, NODAL, LEFTY1 /2, GAL, DPPA3, SOX2, DNMT3B /L, DPPA5, BCAT1, FGF2, PRDM14, ZIC3 and FZD7, while seminoma markers SOX17, cKIT and PRAME were downregulated (Fig 3C). Here, DPPA5 is linked to seminoma.