ERβ ligands were also shown to exert suppressive effects, through modulation of the expression of cell cycle progression proteins, on the growth of tumor cells classically unrelated to the reproductive system, such as colon [18], malignant pleural mesothelioma [14,19,36], lymphoma [21], glioma [67], and cholangiocarcinoma [20] cells. The gene discussed is ESR2; the disease is cholangiocarcinoma.