ESR2 and central nervous system cancer: ERβ ligands were also shown to exert suppressive effects, through modulation of the expression of cell cycle progression proteins, on the growth of tumor cells classically unrelated to the reproductive system, such as colon [18], malignant pleural mesothelioma [14,19,36], lymphoma [21], glioma [67], and cholangiocarcinoma [20] cells.