FGF2 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Growth factors like EGF or bFGF can activate both pathways in these NPC, inducing a phospho-Erk1/2-driven upregulation of cyclins, like cyclin E, and a phospho-Akt-dependent phosphorylation and degradation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors like p27 (Torroglosa et al., 2007; Rabaneda et al., 2008).