INSR and Hyperglycemia: Insulin, metformin and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are among the major diabetic therapies shown to improve the control of hyperglycemia through effects on molecular targets such as the insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor pathways, adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) [65].