Because exogenous IGFBP-3 has proapoptotic activity in many cell types, including breast cancer cells, either when used alone [72] or in combination with other apoptotic agents such as C2 ceramide [73], chemotherapy drugs [70], or radiation [19], the induction of IGFBP-3 in response to DNA-damaging therapies has been assumed to contribute to the cytotoxicity of these treatments. The gene discussed is IGFBP3; the disease is breast cancer.