Interestingly, spontaneous ileitis observed in Xbp1ΔIEC mice is converted into severe CD-like transmural ileitis when both mechanisms, ER stress and autophagy, are compromised (Atg7/Xbp1ΔIEC and Atg16L1/Xbp1ΔIEC double transgenic mice) [130]. Here, ATG16L1 is linked to Cowden disease.