Calmodulin (CaM) activity, which plays a role in breast cancer tumour development by suppressing apoptosis and increasing survival through EGF-initiated activation of protein kinase B (Akt), is also lowered by melatonin activity through binding of the pineal hormone to CaM and by melatonin stimulating phosphorylation of CaM through protein kinase C α (PKCα) [50–52]. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and breast carcinoma.